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Doubtful E-Numbers

Simply put, E- numbers are the code numbers used to identify food additives which are officially approved a safe to consume. While additives, liaison with European Union legislation is a must as most additives are acceptable in specific foods with certain quantitative limits. Additives must be assessed for safety before they can be used in food to ensure the science on additives is strictly reviewed, the law strictly enforced, and the action taken where problems are found. Whilst some additives with a common code such as E471, can be either of animal or plant origin and this latter type needs to be investigated on a case-by-case basis per product/ manufacturer. Most of the additives are however suitable. The E-numbers are categorized as follows:

E100-199 Food colorsE200-299 Preservatives
E300-399 Antioxidants, phosphates, and complexing agentsE400-499 Thickeners, gelling agents, phosphates, humectants, emulsifiers
E500-599 Salts and related compoundsE600-699 Flavour enhancers
E700-899 Not used for food additives (used for feed additives)E900-999 Surface coating agents, gases, sweeteners
E1000-1399 Miscellaneous additivesE1400-1499 Starch derivatives
CodeNameAlternative NameFunctionStatusSourceHealth InfoUsesOther Uses
CodeNameAlternative NameFunctionStatusSourceHealth InfoUsesOther Uses
E1405Enzyme Treated StarchN/AMushboohcheck souce of enzyme.
E1423Acetylated Distarch GlycerolN/AMushboohfrom starch and glycerine. Check source of glycerine.
E1430Distarch GlycerineN/AMushboohfrom starch and glycerine. Check source of glycerine.
E1441Hydroxy Propyl Distarch GlycerineN/AMushboohfrom starch and glycerine. Check source of glycerine.
E1443Hydroxy Propyl Starch GlycerolN/AMushboohfrom starch and glycerine. Check source of glycerine.
E1510EthanolEthyl Alcohol; Alcohol; absolute alcoholSolvent, AntibacterialMushboohfermentation of starch, sugar, & carbohydrates; Chemical synthesis. Synthetic product is accepted as a carrier in quantities less than 0.5%Health Code: Red, Endocrine, cardiovascular, liver and neurotoxicity, dry skin, contact dermatitis, irritationToothpaste, mouthwash, nail polish, hair spray, perfumeLaundry detergent, cigarettes
E1517Glyceryl DiacetateDiacetin; glycerol diacetate.MushboohDiacetic ester of glycerol. Check source of glycerol.
E1518Glyceryl TriacetateTriacetin; triacetyl gycerine; Enzactin; Fungacetin; Vanay; acetin.SolventMushboohTriacetin; triacetyl gycerine; Enzactin; Fungacetin; Vanay; acetin.Health Code: Green, safe in food use, high dose injections fatal to ratsCoating for vegetables and fruitsHair dye, toothpaste, cigarette filters, perfumery
E153Carbon BlackVegetable Carbon; Activated Charcoal; Carbon Amorphous; Pigment Black 6; CI 77266.ColouringMushboohAnimal or vegetable charred material.Health Code: Yellow, Mildly toxic by ingestion, skin contact and inhalation, may be carcinogenicConcentrated fruit juice, jams, jelly beans, liquorice, confectioneryCosmetics
E161(g)Canthaxanthin4,4-dioxo-beta-carotene; Food Orange 8; C.I. 40850; carophyll red; orobronze; roxanthin red 10; caroteben plus.ColouringMushboohmushrooms; crustacea; fish; flamingo feathers.Health Code: Yellow, Loss of night vision, skin discolouration, sensitivity to glare, recurrent hives, gold dust retinopathyFish fingers, ice cream, mallow biscuits, pickles, sauces, preserves
E252Potassium NitrateSaltpetre; niter; saltpeter.Preservative, Colour fixativeMushboohnatural mineral; manufactured from waste animal or vegetable material.Health Code: Red, Asthma, kidney inflamation, behavioural problems, dizziness, headache, may form nitrosamines, not permitted in foods for babies under 6 monthsProscuito ham, cured processed meatsTobacco, matches
E290Carbon DioxideCarbonic acid gas; carbonic andydride.Packaging gas, PreservativeMushboohFermentation (in production of alcohol); by-product of lime manufacture.Health Code: Green, Probably safe in food use, may reduce fertility, teratogenic, neurotoxicityConfectionery, carvonated beverage, gassed creamDry ice, stage fog or smoke effects
E334L-(+)-Tartaric Acidtartaric acid; l-tartaric acid.Antioxidant, Food acidMushboohby-product of wine industry; also synthetic chemicalHealth Code: Green, safe in food use at low levels, laxative effect from excessConfectionery, jam, fruit jelly, fruit drink, baking powder, fruit juice, dried egg whitesDenture powder, hair rinses, nail bleaches, depilatories
E335Sodium L-(+)-tartratemonosodium L-(+)-tartrate; disodium L-(+)-tartrate.Acidity Regulator, SequestrantMushboohfrom tartaric acid (check source).Health Code: Green, safe in food useCheese, artificially sweetened jelly, meat products
E336Cream of TartarPotassium hydrogen tartrate; potassium acid tartrate; monopotassium L-(+)-tartrate; dipotassium L-(+)-tartrate.Acidity Regulator, StabiliserMushboohby-product of wine industry; also synthetic chemical.Health Code: Yellow, Should be avoided by people with impaired kidney or liver function, high blood pressure, oedema or cardiac failureSee Tartaric acid E334
E337Potassium Sodium L-(+)-TartrateSodium tartrate; potassium tartrate; sodium potassium tartrate; Rochelle salt.Acidity Regulator, StabiliserMushboohsynthesised from tartaric acid (check source).Health Code: Green, safe in food use, people with oedema, high blood pressure, cardiac failure, kidney or liver damage advised to avoidConfectionery, jam, fruit jelly preserves, cheese, manufacture of baking powderSilvering of mirrors, mouthwash, catharic in medicinal use
E353Metatartaric AcidN/AAcidity Regulator, SequestrantMushboohfrom tartaric acid (check source).Health Code: Green, safe in food use at low levelsWine, sparkling wine, fruit and vegetable juices
E354Calcium TartrateTartaric acid calcium salt.Acidity Regulator, SequestrantMushboohfrom wine or synthetic. Check source of tartaric acid.Health Code: Green, safe in food useBiscuits, rusksTobacco
E422GlycerinGlycerine; Glycerol; 1,2,3-propanetriolHumectant, SolventMushboohoils & fats; chemical synthesis product is Halaal.Health Code: Green, safe in food use at low levels, mental confusion, headache, may affect stomach, heart, reproduction, blood sugar levelsConfectionery, dried fruit, low calories foods, marshmallows, baked goods, chewing gumTobacco, soap, toothpaste, hand cream, mouthwash, barrier cream, perfumery
E430Polyoxyethylene (8) StearatePolyoxyl 8 stearate.MushboohMixture of stearate & ethylene oxide. Check source of stearic acid.
E431Polyoxyethylene (40) StearatePolyoxyl 40 stearate.Emulsifier, DefoamerMushboohMixture of stearate & ethylene oxide. Check source of stearic acid.Health Code: Yellow, Skin tumours in mice, may facilitate the penetration of cancer-causing additivesProcessed foods, frozen dessertsHand cream and lotion
E433Tween 80Polysorbate 80; Polyoxyethlene (20) sorbitan mono-oleate.Emulsifier, StabiliserMushboohOleic esters of sorbitan copolymerised with ethylene oxide. Check source of Oleic acid.Health Code: Red, Associated with the contaminant 1.4 dioxane known to cause cancer in animalsIcing, frozen custard, sherbet, mayonnaise ice cream, picklesVitamin and mineral supplements
E435Tween 60Polysorbate 60; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate.Emulsifier, StabiliserMushboohStearic acid ester of sorbitol copolymerised with ethylene oxide. Check source of stearic acid.Health Code: Red, Associated with the contaminant 1.4 dioxane known to cause cancer in animalsCakes, cake mixes, icing, confectionery, beverage, mixes
E436Tween 65Polysorbate 65; Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate.EmulsifierMushboohStearic acid ester of sorbitol copolymerised with ethylene oxide. Check source of stearic acid.Health Code: Red, Polysorbates can contain residues of harmful chemicalks, can increase the absorption of fat soluble substancesIce cream, frozen custard, cake icings and fillings
E440(a)PectinN/AMushboohApple residues from cider making & orange pith. Check that source is not from cider making.
E440(b)Amidated PectinN/AMushboohtreatment of pectin with ammonia. Check that source of pectin is not from cider making.
E441GelatinGelfoam; PuragelMushboohfrom animal skin, tendons, ligaments, & bone. Check that not porcine otherwise check if animal was halaal slaughtered.
E445Glycerol Esters of Wood RosinN/AEmulsifier, StabiliserMushboohPine tree rosin & glycerine. Check source of glycerine.Health Code: Yellow, Not granted GRAS status in the USA due to insufficient safety dataChewing gum base, flavouring oils in beverages
E470Sodium, Potassium, & Calcium Salts of Fatty AcidsSoapsEmulsifier, StabiliserMushboohFrom fatty acids. Check source of fatty acids.Health Code: Green, safe in food useCake mixes, oven ready fries
E470bMagnesium Salts of Fatty AcidsN/AEmulsifier, StabiliserMushboohfatty acids. Check source of fatty acids.Health Code: Green, safe in food useCake mixes, oven-ready fries
E471Glyceryl MonostearateDistearate; Monostearin; GMS; Citrol EGMS.Emulsifier, StabiliserMushboohsynthetically from glycerin and fatty acids. Check source of these. Citrol EGMS is halaal.Health Code: Green, safe in food useCakes, hot chocolate mix, sponge puddings, margarine, ice cream, quick custard mix
E472(a)AcetoglyceridesAcetylated mono- & di-glycerides; Glycerol esters; Acetic acid esters of nono- & di-glycerides of fatty acids.MushboohFatty acid esters of glycerol & acetic acid. Check source of glycerol & fatty acidsHealth Code: Green, regarded as safe in food useConfectionery, ice cream, bread, dessert toppings, custard mix, cheesecake mix
E472(b)LactoglyceridesLactylated mono- & di- glycerides; Lactic acid esters of mono- & di-glycerides of fatty acids.Emulsifier, StabiliserMushboohFatty acid esters of glycerol & lactic acid. Check source of glycerol & fatty acids.Health Code: Green, safe in food useBakery products, ice cream, peanut butter, whipped toppings
E472(c)CitroglyceridesCitric acid esters of mono- & di-glycerides of fatty acidsEmulsifierMushboohfatty acid esters of glycerol & citric acid. Check source of fatty acids & glycerol.Health Code: Green, May provoke symptoms in those who react to MSGInfant formula, foods for infants and young children
E472(d)Tartaric acid glycerol estersTartaric acid esters of mono- & di-glycerides of fatty acids.Emulsifier, StabiliserMushboohTartaric acid esters of mono- & di-glycerides of fatty acids. Check source of glycerol, tartaric acid, & fatty acid.Health Code: Green, safe in food use, headachesConfectionery, ice cream, bread, dessert toppings, custard mix, cheesecake mix
E472(e)Acetyltartaric acid glycerol estersmono- & di-acetyltartaric acid esters of mono & di-glycerides of fatty acids; Panodan AB 100 Veg.EmulsifierMushboohesters of acetic acid, glycerol, tartaric acid, & fatty acids. Check source of glycerol, tartaric acid, & fatty acids.Health Code: Green, safe in food useBread, frozen pizza, gravy granules, hot chocolate mixCosmetic cream
E472fMixed Acetic & Tartaric Acid Esters of Mono & DiglN/AEmulsifier, StabiliserMushboohfatty acids. Check sourse of tartaric acid, glycerine, & fatty acids.Health Code: Green, safe in food useProcessed breadCosmetic cream
E473Sucrose Esters of Fatty AcidsN/AEmulsifier, StabiliserMushboohFrom gycerol, sucrose, & fatty acids. Check source of fatty acids & glycerol.Health Code: Green, safe in food use at low levels, large doses can cause nausea, diarrhoes, gas, bloating, abdominal pain, can facilitate uptake of food allergiesMargarine, dairy desserts, chewing gum, chocolate, mayonnaise
E474SucroglyceridesN/AEmulsifier, StabiliserMushboohPrepared by the action of sucrose on natural triglycerides. Check source of natural triglycerides e.g. lard, tallow palm oil e.t.c.Health Code: Green, safe in food useChocolate, milk, cocoa, eggnog, chewing gum, drinking yoghurt
E475Polyglycerol Esters of Fatty AcidsN/AEmulsifier, ThickenerMushboohSynthetic from glycerol & fatty acids. Check source of gylcerol & fatty acids.Health Code: Green, safe in food useMayonnaise, cake mixes, imitation cream, coffee whitener, icings
E476Polyglycerol PolyricinoleatePolyglycerol esters of polycondensed fatty acids of castor oil.EmulsifierMushboohFrom castor oil & glycerol esters. Check source of glycerol.Health Code: Green, safe in food useChocolate, drinking chocolate, chocolate ice cream, toppings, icings, cake mixes
E477Propylene Glycol Esters of Fatty AcidsPropane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids.Emulsifier, Aerating agentMushboohfrom propylene glycol & fatty acids. Check source of fatty acids.Health Code: Green, safe in food useWhipped toppings, cakes
E478Lactylated Fatty Acid EstersLactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol & propane-1,2-diol.Mushboohfatty acid esters of glycerol, fatty acids & propane-1,2-diol. Check source of fatty acids & glycerol.
E479bThermally oxidized Soya Bean Oil interacted with MN/AEmulsifierMushboohfatty acids. Check source of fatty acids & glycerine.Health Code: Green, safe in food use, topically soybean oil can cause hair damage, allergic reactions and acne-like pimplesMargarine, fat emulsions for frying
E481Sodium Stearoyl-2 lactylateN/AEmulsifier, StabiliserMushboohStearic & lactic acids. Check source of stearic acid.Health Code: Green, safe in food use at low levelsBiscuits, bread, cakes, cake icings, fillings and toppings
E482Calcium Stearoyl-2-lactylateN/AStearic & lactic acids. Check source of stearic acid.MushboohStearic & lactic acids. Check source of stearic acid.Health Code: Green, safe in food use, adverse reactions have occured in animals during testingFlour for making bread, biscuits, instant mashed potatoes, processed egg whitesPowdered cosmetics
E483Stearyl TartrateN/AEmulsifier, StabiliserMushboohfrom stearic & tartaric acids. Check source of stearic & tartaric acids.Health Code: Yellow, safe in food use, concerns exist that it may be carcinogenicDough
E491Sorbitan MonostearateN/AEmulsifier, Glazing agentMushboohfrom stearic acid & sorbitol. Check source of stearic acid.Health Code: Green, safe in food use at low levels, high dietary levels can cause intralobular fibrosis, growth retardation, liver enlargementConfectionery, ice cream, flavoured milk, bakery wares, cake mix, icingCosmetic cream and lotion, suntan cream, skin cream, deodorant
E492Sorbitan TristearateSpan 65EmulsifierMushboohfrom sorbitol & stearic acid.Health Code: Green, safe in food use at low levels, high dietary levels can cause intralobular fibrosis, growth retardation, liver enlargementCompounded chocolate, oil toppings, cake mixInsecticides, nail strengthening cream
E494Sorbitan Mono-oleateSpan 80EmulsifierMushboohfrom sorbitol & oleic acid. Check source of oleic acid.Health Code: Green, safe in food use, contact demartitis, allergic reactionsPharmaceuticals
E542Edible Bone PhosphateN/AMushboohAnimal bones.
E570Stearic AcidOctadecanoic acid;Emulsifier, BinderMushboohFrom animal or vegetable oils; synthetically from cottonseed or other vegetable oils. Pristerine 4900 from Protea Chemicals. Palmac 630 from C.J. Petrow is halaal.Health Code: Green, safe in food use, contact may cause skin irritation, allergic reactionsEssences, soft drinks, artificial sweeteners, fruit flavoured drinksBar soap, lipstick, bubble bath, lubricants, detergent
E572Magnesium StearateOctadecanoic acid magnesium saltMushboohsynthetically from stearic acid. Check source of stearic acid.
E630Inosinic Acid5-Inosinic acid; muscle inosinic acid; t-inosinic acid; IMP.Flavour enhancerMushboohmeat or sardines or muscle adenylic acid or microbial fermentation.Health Code: Green, safe in food use, may trigger gout
E631Sodium 5-InosinateInosine 5-disodium phosphate; disodium salt of inosinic acid.Flavour enhancerMushboohMeat extract or from dried sardines (Fish) or plant source tapioca starchHealth Code: Yellow, People with gout or uric acid kidney stones may wish to avoid, kidney problems, NRCCanned vegetables
E632Dipotassium InosinatePotassium inosinate; potassium 5-inosinate.Flavour enhancerMushboohinosinic acid from meat extract or from dried sardines or microbiological fermentationHealth Code: Green, safe in food use, may trigger gout
E633Calcium InosinateCalcium 5-inosinateFlavour enhancerMushboohinosinic acid from meat extract or from dried sardines or microbiological fermentation.Health Code: Green, safe in food use, may trigger gout
E634Calcium 5-ribonucleotidesN/AFlavour enhancerMushboohmixture of calcium guanylate (E629) & calcium inosinate (E633). Check source of E633.Health Code: Red, Asthma, hyperactivity, itchy skin rashes up to 30 hrs after eating, swelling of lips, throat and tongue, anaphylaxisFlavoured crisps, instant noodles, manufactured pies
E635Sodium 5-RibonucleotideN/AFlavour enhancerMushboohmixture of disodium guanylate (E627) & disodium inosinate (E631). Check source of E631.Health Code: Red, Asthma, hyperactivity, mood changes, itchy skin rashes up to 30 hrs after consuming, aspirin sensitive people may wish to avoid, not permitted in foods for babies, NRC, gout, kidney problemsFlavoured crisps, instant noodles, manufactured pies
E640Glycine & its Sodium SaltGlycine; sodium glycinate; glycocoll; aminoacetic acid; aminoethanoic acid.Flavour enhancerMushboohgelatin & silk fibroin.Health Code: Green, Mildly toxic by ingestionUsed to mask the aftertaste of saccharinDietary supplement, cosmetics, antacid
E910L-Cysteinecys; beta mercaptoalanine; L-cysteine monohydrate.MushboohHuman hair; feathers; or synthetic.
E915Esters of Colophonyesters of rosin.Mushboohsynthetic, from rosin (tree oil) with other fats. Check source of these fats.
E920Cysteine Hydrochloridecys; beta mercaptoalanine HCl; L-cysteine hydrochloride; L-cysteine HCl monohydrate.Flavouring Improving agentMushboohanimal or human hair; chicken feathers; or synthetic.Health Code: Green, has many beneficial health effects, may provoke symptoms in those who react to MSGFlour for making bread, chicken flavouringShampoo
E921L-CystineL-Cystine hydrochloride.Mushboohhorse hair or synthetic.